_ When discussing bereavement and loss with colleagues the other day, I learned of a Bill of Rights for those in grief.  I thought that it was a wonderful way to give ourselves "permission" to grieve and to acknowledge our feelings in times of loss, be it from a death or another loss such as divorce, illness, or other life transition.  I share it here with you in the hopes that you'll find it meaningful as well.  Is there anything you would add to it?  I invite you to add your comments below.

The Grieving Person's Bill of Rights
by Alan D. Wolfelt, PhD
Director of the Center for Loss and Life Transition in Ft. Collins, Colorado

1. Experience your own unique grief. No one will grieve the same way you do. So, when you turn to others for help, don’t let them tell you how you should be feeling.
   
   
2. Talk about your grief. Talking about your grief will help you heal. Seek out others who will let you talk as much as you want, as often as you want.
   
   
3. Feel a multitude of emotions. You will feel many emotions during your grief journey. Some may tell you that feeling angry, for example, is wrong. Don’t take these judgmental responses to heart. Instead, find listeners who will accept your feelings without condition.
   
   
4. Be tolerant of your physical and emotional limits. Your feelings of loss and sadness can fatigue you. Respect what your body and mind tell you. Get daily rest. Eat balanced meals. And don’t allow others to push you into activities you’re not ready for.
   
   
5. Experience grief “attacks”. Sometimes, a powerful surge of grief may overcome you. This can be frightening, but it is normal. Find someone who understands and will let you talk it out.
   
   
6. Make use of ritual. Rituals do more than acknowledge the death of someone. They provide you with support from caring people, as well as a way to mourn.
   
   
7. Embrace your spirituality. If faith is a part of your life, express it. Be with people who understand and support your religious beliefs.
   
   
8. Search for meaning. You may ask, “Why did he or she die? Why this way? Why now?” Some questions may have answers, others don’t. Watch for clichéd responses people may give you, like, “It was God’s will” or “Think of what you have to be thankful for”. These sentiments are not helpful, and you do not have to agree with them.
   
   
9. Treasure your memories. Memories are one of the best legacies that exist after the death of a loved one. You will always remember. Instead of ignoring your memories, find others with whom you can share them.
   
   
10. Move toward your grief and heal. Reconciling your grief will not happen quickly. Remember, grief is a process, not an event. Be patient with yourself, and avoid people who are impatient with you. Neither you nor those around you should forget that the death of someone loved changes your life forever.
    
    

What do we say to someone who has just lost a loved one?  This is a question that can leave us feeling powerless in the face of another’s grief.  In our society, there seems to be a taboo about discussing death.  Death is the one thing that we can all count on, that we all know will come to pass for each of us.  Yet many of us live our lives trying to sidestep the topic.  When we hear that the loved one of a friend, colleague, or acquaintance has died, we are often at a loss for words.  Death can bring up feelings in us that are uncomfortable and complicated.  We know that we should say something to acknowledge the pain of the bereaved, but we often find ourselves tongue-tied or even wishing that we could avoid the subject altogether.

Much has been written about the process of bereavement.  In her seminal book “On Death and Dying,” (1969) Elisabeth Kübler-Ross presents a model of grief resolution identifying the following five “stages” that a bereaved person may experience: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.  While it may seem that this model presents grief as a linear process with the bereaved person moving from one stage to another in a neat and tidy sequence, in practice, this process is more cyclical.  An alternate model of grieving was developed by J. William Worden, PhD, and outlined in his book "Grief Counseling and Grief Therapy, Second Edition" (Springer, 1991).  Rather than stages, this model focuses on what Worden terms the “four tasks of mourning” and describes the tasks as follows: to accept the reality of the loss, to experience the pain of grief, to adjust to an environment in which the deceased is no longer there, to withdraw emotional energy from the relationship with the deceased and refocus it into new relationships. Grieving can be a multi-faceted process and how it manifests is highly specific to each person.  These models help us to intellectually conceptualize what a person might be facing when someone close to them dies.  However, when we are challenged with finding something to say to someone in mourning, we must look into our hearts and access our empathic nature.

Here are some general guidelines to consider when speaking to someone who has experienced the loss of a loved one:

1.  Avoid saying things such as: “This too shall pass” or “Time heals all wounds.” 

While it may be true that the passage of time allows us to work through some of the acute pain of grief, the loss of a loved one never truly “heals.”  The void that the loss has created in the survivor’s life is constant and ongoing.  The loved one is irreplaceable and to imply that the pain will completely pass can be viewed as insensitive.  Along these same lines, avoid religious statements unless you are confident in your understanding of the mourner’s spiritual beliefs. Though you may mean well, offering words such as “your loved one is in a better place” to someone who does not believe in an afterlife can be hurtful.


2.  Consider saying instead: “I know that nothing I can say will take away the pain, but I am here with you.”

Acknowledging the powerlessness of words to comfort the bereaved person is, in itself, powerful.  What matters more is the empathetic connection and feeling behind the words.   When you make it clear that you are a witness to the bereaved person’s pain, and will stay present in the face of their grief, your intention speaks louder than an awkward platitude. The truth is that there is nothing that can be said that will truly make the bereaved person feel much better.  The comfort to the mourner lies in your courage to face the pain by their side and in their knowing that a loving friend is there to listen when and if they are ready to speak about their loss.

3.  Take action.

There many concrete details to attend to when a loved one dies and the bereaved person may not solicit help.  Appropriate to your level of intimacy with the bereaved, you can proactively offer specific assistance.  Perhaps that means proposing to coordinate some of the funeral arrangements.  Maybe it’s keeping an ongoing list of condolence cards and flowers that have been sent.  One woman, with whom I recently spoke, talked of helping an overwhelmed grieving mother by “running interference” with guests at the wake.   A widow shared with me how much it meant to her to be sent flowers and a note several days after her husband’s death.  This personal remembrance touched her more than if the flowers had been sent to the cemetery as part of the funeral services.

4.  Be careful about making assumptions about what the bereaved is feeling.

As mentioned above, grief can manifest itself in a myriad of ways.  If someone who has lost a loved one is not forthcoming with outward expressions of emotion such as tears and sobs, do not assume that this person is repressing the pain.  Not everyone who is invited to share deeper feelings will chose to do so and, in fact, may not be in great emotional distress.  A son who had lost his father in an automobile accident received expressions of sympathy from his co-workers who couldn’t understand why he did not seem to be “upset enough.”  What the well-intentioned co-workers hadn’t known, however, was that the son had been estranged from his abusive father for years and had done extensive processing of the loss of a relationship with his father well before the latter’s physical death.  Subsequently, the son’s outer presentation at the news of his father’s passing was relatively lacking in emotion.

In sum, when the subject of grief, loss and bereavement is raised, we strive to say the right thing but are often at a loss to know how to provide comfort.  Don’t be afraid that by acknowledging the pain of a mourner’s loss you might be causing them more pain.  Sorrow may be an unavoidable part of life, but one that is made more bearable by human connection, compassion, and empathy.

References

Cook, A. S., & Dworkin, D. S.  (1992).  Helping the Bereaved: Therapeutic interventions for children, adolescents, and adults.  USA: BasicBooks.

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross Foundation.  Five stages of grief. Retrieved September 13, 2011, from http://www.ekrfoundation.org/five-stages-of-grief